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JEE Main 2021
Limits, Continuity & Differentiability
Limits, Continuity and Differentiability
Hard

Question

Let f : R \to R be defined as f(x) = \left\{ {\matrix{ {{{{x^3}} \over {{{(1 - \cos 2x)}^2}}}{{\log }_e}\left( {{{1 + 2x{e^{ - 2x}}} \over {{{(1 - x{e^{ - x}})}^2}}}} \right),} & {x \ne 0} \cr {\alpha ,} & {x = 0} \cr } } \right. If f is continuous at x = 0, then α\alpha is equal to :

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Solution

  1. Key Concepts and Formulas
  • Continuity of a function: A function f(x)f(x) is continuous at a point x=cx = c if limxcf(x)=f(c)\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to c} f(x) = f(c).
  • Standard Limits:
    • limx0sinxx=1\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 0} \frac{\sin x}{x} = 1
    • limx0loge(1+u)u=1\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 0} \frac{\log_e(1+u)}{u} = 1 (for u0u \to 0)
  • Taylor Series Expansions (near x=0x=0):
    • cosx=1x22!+x44!\cos x = 1 - \frac{x^2}{2!} + \frac{x^4}{4!} - \dots
    • ex=1+x+x22!+e^x = 1 + x + \frac{x^2}{2!} + \dots
    • loge(1+u)=uu22+u33\log_e(1+u) = u - \frac{u^2}{2} + \frac{u^3}{3} - \dots
  1. Step-by-Step Solution
  • Step 1: Understand the condition for continuity. For the function f(x)f(x) to be continuous at x=0x=0, the limit of f(x)f(x) as xx approaches 00 must be equal to the value of the function at x=0x=0, which is α\alpha. Therefore, we need to evaluate: α=limx0f(x)=limx0x3(1cos2x)2loge(1+2xe2x(1xex)2)\alpha = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 0} f(x) = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 0} \frac{x^3}{(\,1 - \cos 2x)^2} \log_e\left(\frac{1 + 2x e^{-2x}}{(1 - x e^{-x})^2}\right)

  • Step 2: Simplify the denominator (1cos2x)2(1 - \cos 2x)^2. We use the double angle identity for cosine: cos2x=12sin2x\cos 2x = 1 - 2\sin^2 x. So, 1cos2x=1(12sin2x)=2sin2x1 - \cos 2x = 1 - (1 - 2\sin^2 x) = 2\sin^2 x. Then, (1cos2x)2=(2sin2x)2=4sin4x(1 - \cos 2x)^2 = (2\sin^2 x)^2 = 4\sin^4 x. Substituting this back into the limit expression, we get: α=limx0x34sin4xloge(1+2xe2x(1xex)2)\alpha = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 0} \frac{x^3}{4\sin^4 x} \log_e\left(\frac{1 + 2x e^{-2x}}{(1 - x e^{-x})^2}\right)

  • Step 3: Simplify the logarithmic term. Using the property of logarithms loge(AB2)=logeA2logeB\log_e(\frac{A}{B^2}) = \log_e A - 2\log_e B, we can rewrite the logarithmic part: loge(1+2xe2x(1xex)2)=loge(1+2xe2x)2loge(1xex)\log_e\left(\frac{1 + 2x e^{-2x}}{(1 - x e^{-x})^2}\right) = \log_e(1 + 2x e^{-2x}) - 2\log_e(1 - x e^{-x}) The limit expression becomes: α=limx0x34sin4x[loge(1+2xe2x)2loge(1xex)]\alpha = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 0} \frac{x^3}{4\sin^4 x} \left[ \log_e(1 + 2x e^{-2x}) - 2\log_e(1 - x e^{-x}) \right]

  • Step 4: Apply standard limits and Taylor expansions. We can rewrite the expression as: α=limx014(xsinx)4[loge(1+2xe2x)2loge(1xex)]\alpha = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 0} \frac{1}{4} \left(\frac{x}{\sin x}\right)^4 \left[ \log_e(1 + 2x e^{-2x}) - 2\log_e(1 - x e^{-x}) \right] Since limx0sinxx=1\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 0} \frac{\sin x}{x} = 1, we have limx0(xsinx)4=14=1\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 0} \left(\frac{x}{\sin x}\right)^4 = 1^4 = 1. Now, we focus on the limit of the logarithmic terms. As x0x \to 0, e2x1e^{-2x} \to 1 and ex1e^{-x} \to 1. So, 2xe2x02x e^{-2x} \to 0 and xex0x e^{-x} \to 0. We use the standard limit limu0loge(1+u)u=1\mathop {\lim }\limits_{u \to 0} \frac{\log_e(1+u)}{u} = 1. For the first term: loge(1+2xe2x)\log_e(1 + 2x e^{-2x}). Let u=2xe2xu = 2x e^{-2x}. As x0x \to 0, u0u \to 0. limx0loge(1+2xe2x)2xe2x=1\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 0} \frac{\log_e(1 + 2x e^{-2x})}{2x e^{-2x}} = 1 So, limx0loge(1+2xe2x)=limx0(2xe2x)=0\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 0} \log_e(1 + 2x e^{-2x}) = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 0} (2x e^{-2x}) = 0. Similarly, for the second term: loge(1xex)\log_e(1 - x e^{-x}). Let v=xexv = -x e^{-x}. As x0x \to 0, v0v \to 0. limx0loge(1xex)xex=1\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 0} \frac{\log_e(1 - x e^{-x})}{-x e^{-x}} = 1 So, limx0loge(1xex)=limx0(xex)=0\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 0} \log_e(1 - x e^{-x}) = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 0} (-x e^{-x}) = 0. This indicates that using the direct log(1+u)u\frac{\log(1+u)}{u} limit might not be sufficient if the arguments uu themselves go to zero. We need to consider higher order terms or a different approach.

    Let's use Taylor expansions around x=0x=0: e2x=12x+(2x)22!+=12x+2x2+e^{-2x} = 1 - 2x + \frac{(-2x)^2}{2!} + \dots = 1 - 2x + 2x^2 + \dots 2xe2x=2x(12x+)=2x4x2+2x e^{-2x} = 2x(1 - 2x + \dots) = 2x - 4x^2 + \dots loge(1+(2x4x2+))=(2x4x2+)(2x)22+=2x4x24x22+=2x6x2+\log_e(1 + (2x - 4x^2 + \dots)) = (2x - 4x^2 + \dots) - \frac{(2x - \dots)^2}{2} + \dots = 2x - 4x^2 - \frac{4x^2}{2} + \dots = 2x - 6x^2 + \dots

    ex=1x+(x)22!+=1x+x22+e^{-x} = 1 - x + \frac{(-x)^2}{2!} + \dots = 1 - x + \frac{x^2}{2} + \dots xex=x(1x+)=xx2+x e^{-x} = x(1 - x + \dots) = x - x^2 + \dots loge(1(xx2+))=(xx2+)(x+)22+=x+x2x22+=x+x22+\log_e(1 - (x - x^2 + \dots)) = -(x - x^2 + \dots) - \frac{(-x + \dots)^2}{2} + \dots = -x + x^2 - \frac{x^2}{2} + \dots = -x + \frac{x^2}{2} + \dots So, 2loge(1xex)=2(x+x22+)=2x+x2+2\log_e(1 - x e^{-x}) = 2(-x + \frac{x^2}{2} + \dots) = -2x + x^2 + \dots

    Now substitute these back into the limit expression: α=limx0x34sin4x[(2x6x2+)(2x+x2+)]\alpha = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 0} \frac{x^3}{4\sin^4 x} \left[ (2x - 6x^2 + \dots) - (-2x + x^2 + \dots) \right] α=limx0x34sin4x[4x7x2+]\alpha = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 0} \frac{x^3}{4\sin^4 x} \left[ 4x - 7x^2 + \dots \right] We know sinx=xx36+\sin x = x - \frac{x^3}{6} + \dots, so sin4x=(x)4=x4\sin^4 x = (x - \dots)^4 = x^4 - \dots. α=limx0x34x4[4x+]\alpha = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 0} \frac{x^3}{4x^4} \left[ 4x + \dots \right] α=limx014x[4x+]\alpha = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 0} \frac{1}{4x} \left[ 4x + \dots \right] α=limx0(1+)=1\alpha = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 0} \left( 1 + \dots \right) = 1

    Alternatively, using the standard limit limu0loge(1+u)u=1\mathop {\lim }\limits_{u \to 0} \frac{\log_e(1+u)}{u} = 1: We rewrite the expression as: α=limx0x34sin4x[loge(1+2xe2x)2xe2x(2xe2x)2loge(1xex)xex(xex)]\alpha = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 0} \frac{x^3}{4\sin^4 x} \left[ \frac{\log_e(1 + 2x e^{-2x})}{2x e^{-2x}} (2x e^{-2x}) - 2 \frac{\log_e(1 - x e^{-x})}{-x e^{-x}} (-x e^{-x}) \right] As x0x \to 0, e2x1e^{-2x} \to 1 and ex1e^{-x} \to 1. So, 2xe2x02x e^{-2x} \to 0 and xex0-x e^{-x} \to 0. The terms loge(1+2xe2x)2xe2x\frac{\log_e(1 + 2x e^{-2x})}{2x e^{-2x}} and loge(1xex)xex\frac{\log_e(1 - x e^{-x})}{-x e^{-x}} both tend to 1. α=limx0x34sin4x[1(2x1)21(x1)]\alpha = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 0} \frac{x^3}{4\sin^4 x} \left[ 1 \cdot (2x \cdot 1) - 2 \cdot 1 \cdot (-x \cdot 1) \right] α=limx0x34sin4x[2x+2x]\alpha = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 0} \frac{x^3}{4\sin^4 x} \left[ 2x + 2x \right] α=limx0x34sin4x(4x)\alpha = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 0} \frac{x^3}{4\sin^4 x} (4x) α=limx04x44sin4x\alpha = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 0} \frac{4x^4}{4\sin^4 x} α=limx0(xsinx)4\alpha = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 0} \left(\frac{x}{\sin x}\right)^4 Since limx0sinxx=1\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 0} \frac{\sin x}{x} = 1, we have limx0xsinx=1\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 0} \frac{x}{\sin x} = 1. Therefore, α=14=1\alpha = 1^4 = 1

  • Step 5: Conclude the value of α\alpha. Since ff is continuous at x=0x=0, we have α=limx0f(x)\alpha = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 0} f(x). From Step 4, we found this limit to be 1. Thus, α=1\alpha = 1.

  1. Common Mistakes & Tips

    • Incorrect application of Taylor series: Ensure you use the correct order of expansion. For this problem, the first-order terms of the arguments of the logarithm are sufficient, along with the fact that the arguments themselves tend to zero.
    • Algebraic errors with logarithms and exponents: Be careful when expanding and simplifying expressions involving log\log and exe^x.
    • Forgetting standard limits: The limit limx0sinxx=1\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 0} \frac{\sin x}{x} = 1 is crucial for simplifying the x3sin4x\frac{x^3}{\sin^4 x} part. Similarly, limu0loge(1+u)u=1\mathop {\lim }\limits_{u \to 0} \frac{\log_e(1+u)}{u} = 1 is very useful, provided the argument u0u \to 0.
  2. Summary To find the value of α\alpha for which the function f(x)f(x) is continuous at x=0x=0, we need to evaluate the limit of f(x)f(x) as xx approaches 00. This involves simplifying the denominator using trigonometric identities and expanding the logarithmic term. By applying standard limit formulas and properties of logarithms, or by using Taylor series expansions, we found that the limit evaluates to 1. Therefore, for f(x)f(x) to be continuous at x=0x=0, α\alpha must be equal to 1.

  3. Final Answer The final answer is 1\boxed{1}.

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