Let a>0 be a root of the equation 2x2+x−2=0. If \lim _\limits{x \rightarrow \frac{1}{a}} \frac{16\left(1-\cos \left(2+x-2 x^2\right)\right)}{(1-a x)^2}=\alpha+\beta \sqrt{17}, where α,β∈Z, then α+β is equal to _________.
Answer: 2
Solution
Key Concepts and Formulas
Quadratic Equation Roots: For a quadratic equation ax2+bx+c=0, the roots are given by the quadratic formula x=2a−b±b2−4ac.
Limit of Trigonometric Functions: The standard limit limθ→0θ21−cosθ=21 is crucial. This can be derived using L'Hopital's rule or trigonometric identities.
Algebraic Manipulation: Factoring, simplifying expressions, and rationalizing denominators are essential for evaluating limits.
Step-by-Step Solution
Step 1: Find the roots of the given quadratic equation.
The given equation is 2x2+x−2=0. Using the quadratic formula, the roots are:
x=2(2)−1±12−4(2)(−2)=4−1±1+16=4−1±17
Since a>0 is a root, we have a=4−1+17.
Step 2: Analyze the expression inside the cosine function and the denominator of the limit.
The expression inside the cosine is 2+x−2x2. We can rewrite this by factoring out −2:
2+x−2x2=−2(x2−21x−1)
From the original quadratic equation 2x2+x−2=0, we know that if a is a root, then 2a2+a−2=0. This implies a2=1−2a.
Also, if a and b are the roots of 2x2+x−2=0, then a+b=−1/2 and ab=−1.
The roots are a=4−1+17 and b=4−1−17.
Let's check the relation between the roots and a. We can write 2x2+x−2=2(x−a)(x−b).
Now consider the term 2+x−2x2. We can also write 2+x−2x2=−2x2+x+2.
We can factor this expression. Since a is a root of 2x2+x−2=0, then 2a2+a−2=0.
Consider the expression 2+x−2x2. Let's evaluate it at x=1/a.
Since 2a2+a−2=0, dividing by a2 (since a=0), we get 2+a1−a22=0, which means a22=2+a1.
This doesn't directly help with 2+x−2x2.
Let's try to express 2+x−2x2 in terms of (x−1/a).
Since a is a root of 2x2+x−2=0, we have 2a2+a−2=0.
Let's consider the expression 2+x−2x2. We are interested in the limit as x→1/a.
If x=1/a, then 2+a1−2(a1)2=2+a1−a22.
From 2a2+a−2=0, we have 2=2a2+a.
So, 2+x−2x2=(2a2+a)+x−2x2. This is not directly helpful.
Let's try to factor 2+x−2x2.
We know that 2x2+x−2=0 has roots a and b=4−1−17.
So, 2x2+x−2=2(x−a)(x−b).
Consider the expression 2+x−2x2=−(2x2−x−2).
This is not directly related to 2x2+x−2.
Let's re-examine the problem statement and the current solution. The current solution uses 2+x−2x2=−2(x−a1)(x+17+14). Let's verify this.
If x=1/a, then 2+1/a−2/a2. From 2a2+a−2=0, multiply by 1/a2: 2+1/a−2/a2=0.
So, x=1/a is a root of 2+x−2x2=0 if we substitute x=1/a. This is incorrect.
Let's re-evaluate 2+x−2x2 as x→1/a.
We are given that a is a root of 2x2+x−2=0. So 2a2+a−2=0.
Let's consider the expression f(x)=2+x−2x2.
We can write 2+x−2x2=−2(x2−21x−1).
Let's try to express 2+x−2x2 in terms of (x−1/a).
Let y=x−1/a. Then x=y+1/a.
2+(y+1/a)−2(y+1/a)2=2+y+1/a−2(y2+2y/a+1/a2)=2+y+1/a−2y2−4y/a−2/a2=−2y2+y(1−4/a)+(2+1/a−2/a2).
Since 2a2+a−2=0, we have 2+1/a−2/a2=0.
So, 2+x−2x2=−2(x−1/a)2+(1−4/a)(x−1/a).
This is a quadratic in (x−1/a).
Let's look at the denominator: (1−ax)2=a2(1/a−x)2=a2(x−1/a)2.
Step 3: Use the limit of (1−cosθ)/θ2.
The limit is of the form something21−cos(something).
We need to manipulate the expression to use the standard limit limθ→0θ21−cosθ=21.
Let u=2+x−2x2. As x→1/a, u→2+1/a−2(1/a)2.
From 2a2+a−2=0, divide by a2: 2+1/a−2/a2=0.
So, as x→1/a, u→0.
The limit becomes:
limx→a1(1−ax)216(1−cos(2+x−2x2))=limx→a116⋅(2+x−2x2)21−cos(2+x−2x2)⋅(1−ax)2(2+x−2x2)2
The first part of the product tends to 16⋅21=8.
Now we need to evaluate limx→a1(1−ax)2(2+x−2x2)2.
We found that 2+x−2x2=−2(x−1/a)2+(1−4/a)(x−1/a).
So, (2+x−2x2)2=[−2(x−1/a)2+(1−4/a)(x−1/a)]2=(x−1/a)2[−2(x−1/a)+(1−4/a)]2.
The denominator is (1−ax)2=a2(x−1/a)2.
So, the ratio is a2(x−1/a)2(x−1/a)2[−2(x−1/a)+(1−4/a)]2.
As x→1/a, (x−1/a)→0.
The limit of the ratio becomes limx→a1a2[−2(x−1/a)+(1−4/a)]2=a2(1−4/a)2.
Step 4: Calculate the value of 1−4/a.
We have a=417−1.
So, a1=17−14=(17−1)(17+1)4(17+1)=17−14(17+1)=164(17+1)=417+1.
Then 1−a4=1−4(417+1)=1−(17+1)=−17.
So, (1−4/a)2=(−17)2=17.
Step 5: Calculate the value of a2.
Since a is a root of 2x2+x−2=0, we have 2a2+a−2=0.
2a2=2−a.
a2=22−a=1−2a.
Substitute a=417−1:
a2=1−21(417−1)=1−817−1=88−(17−1)=89−17.
Alternatively, a2=(417−1)2=16(17)2−217+12=1617−217+1=1618−217=89−17.
Step 6: Combine the results to find the limit.
The limit is 8⋅a2(1−4/a)2.
Limit =8⋅89−1717=8⋅17⋅9−178=9−1764⋅17.
Rationalize the denominator:
Limit =9−1764⋅17⋅9+179+17=81−1764⋅17(9+17)=6464⋅17(9+17)=17(9+17).
Step 7: Express the limit in the form α+β17 and find α+β.
The limit is 17(9+17)=153+1717.
We are given that the limit is equal to α+β17, where α,β∈Z.
Comparing 153+1717 with α+β17, we get α=153 and β=17.
Both α and β are integers.
We need to find α+β.
α+β=153+17=170.
Let's recheck the current solution's step where it says:
2+x−2x2=−2(x−a1)(x+17+14)
Let's verify this factorization.
If x=1/a, then 2+1/a−2/a2=0.
If x=−17+14, then 2−17+14−2(17+1−4)2=0.
2−164(17−1)−2(17+1)216=2−417−1−17+1+21732=2−417−1−18+21732=2−417−1−9+1716=2−417−1−81−1716(9−17)=2−417−1−6416(9−17)=2−417−1−49−17=2−417−1+9−17=2−48=2−2=0.
So, the roots of 2+x−2x2=0 are 1/a and −4/(17+1).
Therefore, 2+x−2x2=−2(x−1/a)(x−(−4/(17+1))).
The factorization in the current solution is correct.
Now, let's re-evaluate the limit using this factorization.
\lim _\limits{x \rightarrow \frac{1}{a}} \frac{16\left(1-\cos \left(2+x-2 x^2\right)\right)}{(1-a x)^2}
Let u=2+x−2x2. As x→1/a, u→0.
The limit is limu→0u216(1−cosu)⋅limx→a1(1−ax)2u2.
The first part is 16⋅21=8.
The second part is limx→a1(1−ax)2(−2(x−1/a)(x+4/(17+1)))2=limx→a1a2(x−1/a)24(x−1/a)2(x+4/(17+1))2=limx→a1a24(x+4/(17+1))2
Substitute x=1/a:
=a24(1/a+4/(17+1))2.
We know a1=417+1.
So, a1+17+14=417+1+164(17−1)=417+1+417−1=4217=217.
The limit of the second part is a24(17/2)2=a24(17/4)=a217.
The total limit is 8⋅a217=a2136.
We found a2=89−17.
Limit =(9−17)/8136=9−17136⋅8=9−171088.
Rationalize: 81−171088(9+17)=641088(9+17)=17(9+17)=153+1717.
This matches our previous result.
Let's re-examine the current solution's calculation from step 3 onwards:
\lim _\limits{x \rightarrow \frac{1}{a}} \frac{16\left(1-\cos \left(2+x-2 x^2\right)\right)}{(1-a x)^2}=limx→a1a2(a1−x)232sin2(22+x−2x2)
This step uses 1−cosθ=2sin2(θ/2) and (1−ax)2=a2(1/a−x)2. This is correct.
=limx→a1a2((x−a1)(x+17+14))2(x+17+14)232⋅(sin(21⋅(−2))(x−a1)(x+17+14))2
This step seems to have an error in the substitution of 2+x−2x2.
The factorization is 2+x−2x2=−2(x−1/a)(x+4/(17+1)).
So, 22+x−2x2=−(x−1/a)(x+4/(17+1)).
The term inside the sine squared should be this.
The current solution has sin(21⋅(−2))(x−a1)(x+17+14). This implies sin(−1)⋅(…). This is incorrect.
The argument of sine should be 22+x−2x2.
So, sin2(22+x−2x2)=sin2(2−2(x−1/a)(x+4/(17+1)))=sin2(−(x−1/a)(x+4/(17+1))).
The limit expression should be:
limx→a1a2(a1−x)232sin2(−(x−1/a)(x+4/(17+1)))=limx→a1a2(x−a1)232sin2((x−1/a)(x+4/(17+1)))=limx→a1(x−1/a)232sin2((x−1/a)(x+4/(17+1)))⋅a21
Using limθ→0θsinθ=1, so limθ→0θ2sin2θ=1.
Let θ=(x−1/a)(x+4/(17+1)). As x→1/a, θ→0.
We need to divide by θ2=(x−1/a)2(x+4/(17+1))2.
So,
limx→a1(x−1/a)2(x+4/(17+1))232sin2((x−1/a)(x+4/(17+1)))⋅(x−1/a)2(x−1/a)2(x+4/(17+1))2⋅a21=32⋅1⋅limx→a1(x+4/(17+1))2⋅a21
Substitute x=1/a:
=32⋅(1/a+4/(17+1))2⋅a21
As calculated before, 1/a+4/(17+1)=17/2.
So, the limit is 32⋅(17/2)2⋅a21=32⋅(17/4)⋅a21=8⋅17⋅a21=a2136.
This matches our earlier calculation.
Let's analyze the current solution's subsequent steps:
=2⋅(a1+17+14)2⋅(17−14)2
This step has a factor of 2 instead of 32 and the term (4/(17−1))2.
Let's check if 4/(17−1) relates to anything.
4/(17−1)=4(17+1)/16=(17+1)/4=1/a.
So this term is (1/a)2.
The current solution has a factor of 2, and then (a1+17+14)2⋅(a1)2.
This means it's 2⋅(17/2)2⋅(1/a)2=2⋅(17/4)⋅(1/a)2=(17/2)⋅(1/a)2.
This does not match 136/a2.
There seems to be a significant error in the current solution's algebraic manipulation from step 3 onwards.
Let's reconfirm the steps for clarity.
a=(17−1)/4.
1/a=(17+1)/4.
2+x−2x2=−2(x−1/a)(x+4/(17+1)).
Denominator is (1−ax)2=a2(x−1/a)2.
Limit is limx→1/a(1−ax)216(1−cos(2+x−2x2)).
Let y=2+x−2x2. As x→1/a, y→0.
limx→1/ay216(1−cosy)(1−ax)2y2=16⋅21⋅limx→1/aa2(x−1/a)2(−2(x−1/a)(x+4/(17+1)))2=8⋅limx→1/aa2(x−1/a)24(x−1/a)2(x+4/(17+1))2=8⋅a24limx→1/a(x+4/(17+1))2=a232(1/a+4/(17+1))2=a232(17/2)2=a232417=a28⋅17=a2136.
a2=(417−1)2=1618−217=89−17.
Limit =(9−17)/8136=9−17136⋅8=9−171088.
=81−171088(9+17)=641088(9+17)=17(9+17)=153+1717.
α=153, β=17.
α+β=153+17=170.
The current solution's final calculation steps are incorrect, but the final answer α+β=170 is correct. This suggests that the correct answer might have been obtained through a different path or a lucky mistake in calculation that led to the right final number.
Let's trace the calculation in the provided solution again:
=2⋅(a1+17+14)2⋅(17−14)2
We know a1=417+1 and 17−14=164(17+1)=417+1=a1.
So the expression is 2⋅(217)2⋅(a1)2=2⋅417⋅a21=2a217.
The next step is:
=18−21717×4=9−1768
This means 2a217=18−21717×4.
2a21=18−2174=9−172.
9−17=4a2.
We know a2=89−17.
So 4a2=489−17=29−17.
This means 9−17=29−17, which implies 9−17=0, which is false.
There is a clear inconsistency in the provided solution's steps.
Let's assume the current solution meant to calculate 2a217 and then proceed.
2a217=2⋅89−1717=49−1717=9−1717⋅4=9−1768.
This step seems to be derived from 2a217.
The next step:
=17(9+17)
This means 9−1768=17(9+17).
9−174=9+17.
4=(9−17)(9+17)=81−17=64.
4=64, which is false.
The provided solution has significant errors in its derivation. However, the final answer α+β=170 is correct. My derivation leads to α=153,β=17, so α+β=170.
Common Mistakes & Tips
Factorization Errors: Be very careful when factoring expressions, especially when dealing with negative signs and fractions. Double-check your factorization by expanding it.
Algebraic Simplification: Errors in rationalizing denominators or simplifying fractions can lead to incorrect final answers.
Standard Limit Application: Ensure that the argument of the cosine function in the numerator tends to zero as x approaches the limit point. If not, use Taylor series expansion or L'Hopital's rule.
Correct Root Identification: Make sure to use the correct root (a>0) when substituting values.
Summary
The problem requires evaluating a limit involving a trigonometric function and a quadratic expression. The key steps involve finding the roots of the given quadratic equation, manipulating the expression inside the cosine function and the denominator to apply the standard limit limθ→0θ21−cosθ=21, and performing careful algebraic simplification. By correctly applying these concepts, we found the limit to be 153+1717, which gives α=153 and β=17. Therefore, α+β=170.